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Women in Qatar experience extensive legal and social discrimination under a pervasive male guardianship system. Qatar is the only remaining country in the Gulf region which continues to require male guardianship for women's travel. Women in Qatar were enfranchised at the same time as men. The labour force participation rate of Qatari women is below the world average, but significantly above the average in the Arab World; whereas the participation rate of non-Qatari female residents (who outnumber the former by more than 4 to 1) is significantly above the world average.

There is limited mixing between the sexes, and in public settings Qatari women are largely expected to wear traditional clothing, which typically consists of an abaya and shayla, both of which partially conceal their appearance. Mouza Al Malki, a psychologist, claims that gender separation is influenced more by cultural factors than religious factors. Women in Qatar must obtain permission from their male guardians to marry, to study abroad on government scholarships, to work in many government jobs, to travel abroad until certain ages, to receive some forms of reproductive health care and to act as a child's primary guardian, even when they are divorced and have legal custody. Women in Qatar are also subjected to various traditional practices, including FGM, although this has declined in recent years.